Abstraction Example In Java

Example 1: abstract class in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation where we cannot provide  implementation to all the methods in a class. We want to leave the  implementation to a class that extends it. In such case we declare a class as abstract.To make a class abstract we use key word abstract.  Any class that contains one or more abstract methods is declared as abstract.  If we don’t declare class as abstract which contains abstract methods we get  compile time error.      1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated   2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method, concrete methods or both.   3)Any class which extends abstarct class must override all methods of abstract     class   4)An abstarct class can contain either 0 or more abstract method.

Example 2: abstraction in java

Abstraction is defined as hiding internal implementation and showing only  necessary information. // abstract class abstract class Addition {    // abstract methods    public abstract int addTwoNumbers(int number1, int number2);    public abstract int addFourNumbers(int number1, int number2, int number3, int number4);    // non-abstract method    public void printValues()    {       System.out.println("abstract class printValues() method");    } } class AbstractMethodExample extends Addition {    public int addTwoNumbers(int number1, int number2)    {       return number1 + number2;    }    public int addFourNumbers(int number1, int number2, int number3, int number4)    {       return number1 + number2 + number3 + number4;    }    public static void main(String[] args)    {       Addition add = new AbstractMethodExample();       System.out.println(add.addTwoNumbers(6, 6));       System.out.println(add.addFourNumbers(8, 8, 3, 2));       add.printValues();    } }

Example 3: abstraction in java

Abstraction is nothing but the quality of dealing with ideas rather than  events. It basically deals with hiding the internal details and showing  the essential things to the user.

Example 4: what is abstraction in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation where we cannot provide implementation to all the methods in a class. We want to leave the  implementation to a class that extends it.   In that case we declare a class as abstract by using abstract keyword on method signature.In my framework I have created my PageBase class as super class of the all page classes.  I have collected all common elements and functions into PageBase class and all other page classes extent PageBase class. By doing so, I don't have to locate very common WebElements and it provides reusability in my framework. Also 1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated 2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method, concrete methods or both. 3)Any class which extends abstarct class must   override all methods of abstract class 4)An abstarct class can contain either   0 or more abstract method.

Example 5: abstraction in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation where we cannot provide implementation to all the methods in a class. We want to leave the  implementation to a class that extends it.   In that case we declare a class as abstract by using abstract keyword on method signature.In my framework I have created my PageBase class as super class of the all page classes.  I have collected all common elements and functions into PageBase class and all other page classes extent PageBase class. By doing so, I don't have to locate very common WebElements and it provides reusability in my framework. Also 1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated 2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method, concrete methods or both. 3)Any class which extends abstarct class must   override all methods of abstract class 4)An abstarct class can contain either   0 or more abstract method.

Example 6: abstraction example in java

In my framework I have achieved abstraction  by using collections or Map, because it’s all interface.    Most of the cases I come   across using List.    If we want to access elements frequently by using index,  List is a way to go. ArrayList provides faster access if we know index.    If we want to store elements and want them to maintain an order,  List is a better choice.  i) List webs = driver.getWindowHandles();  =>create a list first to store web URLs in list ii) findElements evaluates multiple elements  so therefore will assigned to List  iii) To handle dynamic elements store it in the list and identify by index:  List all = driver.findElements(By.tagname(“”)); In my framework I follow POM and had situations  where some pages shared similar actions that were similar  but worked slightly different, so I was able to use abstraction  to define those actions and implement them in each page according  to what was needed for that webpage